Iodine 碘

CAS 7553-56-2 MFCD00011355

化学结构图

7553-56-2
SMILES: II

化学属性

Mol. FormulaI{2}
Mol. Weight253.81
Boiling Point185
Melting Point113
Density1.034
TSCAYes
Flash PointNone
Vapor Density9 (vs air)
Vapor Pressure0.31 mmHg ( 25 °C)
Solubility0.3 G/L (20 ºC)
Appearance particles (round)
Stability对光敏感

别名和识别编码

Chemical NameIodine
CAS Number7553-56-2
EC Number231-442-4
Beilstein Registry Number3587194
MDL NumberMFCD00011355
Reaxys-RN3587194
PubChem Substance ID807
Merck Number5014
Synonym Actomar Diatomic iodine Eranol I (iodine) I2 (iodine) IODE Iod-Iodid Iodine {} {} { {} {} {uni_hamburg} molekulares Iod {} {} {} {uni_hamburg} molecular iodine {} {} {} {} {uni_hamburg} diiodine {} {} {} {} {} {uni_hamburg} Vistarin {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {uni_hamburg} Tincture iodine {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {hazard_com} Jood {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {uni_hamburg} Jodosan {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {uni_hamburg} Jod {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} { {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {uni_hamburg} Iosan Superdip {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {SNA} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {hazard_com} Iodio {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {A {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {PubChem} Iodine-127 {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} { {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {uni_hamburg} Iodine,
Chemical Name Translation碘
Wiswesser Line NotationI2
LabNetwork Molecule IDLN00221523
InChIInChI=1S/I2/c1-2
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分类

  • {SNA} Electronic Chemicals, I, Materials Science, Metal and Ceramic S
  • {SNA} G - M,
  • {SNA} Halogenated Concentrates,
  • {
  • {SNA} C-X Bond Formation (Halogen), Chemical Synthesis, Iodination, Synthetic Reagents
  • {SNA} C-X Bond Formation (Halogen), Chemical Synthesis, Electronic Chemicals, Iodination, Materials Science,

产品应用

  • 用于ICP-AES、AAS、AFS、ICP-MS、离子色谱等。滴定分析用标准溶液。

相关文献及参考

  • Secondary, tertiary or benzylic alcohols can be converted directly to the corresponding iodides by simply refluxing with iodine in petroleum ether: Tetrahedron Lett., 36, 609 (1995).
  • The stereochemistry of the iodolactonization of unsaturated acids to give -lactones can be controlled in some cases. Using I2_-_NaHCO3, the product is under kinetic control, but in acetonitrile, without base, the reaction is reversible and therefore under thermodynamic control. For tabulated results, see: Org. Synth. Coll, 7, 164 (1990):
  • Iodine is also a useful mild oxidant, e.g. of aldehydes to acids in alkaline medium: Tetrahedron Lett., 33, 4329 (1992); in DMSO, stilbenes and diaryl acetylenes give benzils: Synthesis, 131 (1991); with hydrogen peroxide, hydroquinones are oxidized to quinones: J. Org. Chem., 54, 718 (1989).
  • Short: II/24A
  • For use in the functionalization of remote positions (Barton reaction), see Lead(IV)­ acetate, A15551.
  • Merck: 14,5014
  • For use in hydroboration and reduction reactions, see Sodium borohydride, 35788.
  • Iodolactamisation of amides can similarly be achieved by prior silylation: J. Org. Chem., 53, 4006 (1988); Org. Synth. Coll., 9, 516 (1998):
  • Efficient catalyst for the formation of 1,1-diacetates from aldehydes and acetic anhydride: J. Org. Chem., 62, 1563 (1997).

安全信息

GHS Symbol
WGK Germany2
Hazard Codes 8 Xn;N
Hazard statements
  • H302 Harmful if swallowed 吞食有害
  • H312 Harmful in contact with skin 皮肤接触有害
  • H312+H332
  • H315 Causes skin irritation 会刺激皮肤
  • H319 Causes serious eye irritation 严重刺激眼睛
  • H331 Toxic if inhaled 吸入中毒
  • H332 Harmful if inhaled 吸入有害
  • H335 May cause respiratory irritation 可能导致呼吸道刺激
  • H372 Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure 长期或频繁接触会损伤器官
  • H373 May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure 长期或频繁接触可能会损伤器官
  • H400 Verytoxictoaquaticlife 对水生生物毒性非常大。
Personal Protective Equipment Faceshields, Gloves, Goggles Eyeshields, Gloves, half-mask respirator (US), multi-purpose combination respirator cartridge (US) Eyeshields, Gloves, half-mask respirator (EU), half-mask respirator (US), multi-purpose combination respirator cartridge (US) Eyeshields, full-face respirator (US), Gloves, multi-purpose combination respirator cartridge (US), type ABEK (EN14387) respirator filter dust mask type N95 (US), Eyeshields, Faceshields, Gloves Faceshields, full-face respirator (US), Gloves, Goggles, multi-purpose combination respirator cartridge (US), type ABEK (EN14387) respirator filter
RTECSNN1575000
Precautionary statements
  • P260 Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. 不要吸入粉尘/烟/气体/烟雾/蒸汽/喷雾。
  • P261 Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. 避免吸入粉尘/烟/气体/烟雾/蒸汽/喷雾。
  • P262 Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. 不要接触眼睛，皮肤或衣服。
  • P264 Wash hands thoroughly after handling. 处理后要彻底洗净双手。
  • P270 Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. 使用本产品时不要吃东西，喝水或吸烟。
  • P271 Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.? 只能在室外或通风良好的地方使用。
  • P272 Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace. 污染的工作服不得带出工作场所。
  • P273 Avoid release to the environment. 避免释放到环境中。
  • P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. 戴防护手套/防护服/眼睛的保护物/面部保护物。
  • P284 Wear respiratory protection.? 佩戴呼吸保护装置。
  • P301+P312
  • P302+P352
  • P303+P361+P353
  • P304+P312
  • P304+P340
  • P305+P351+P338
  • P310 Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. 立即呼救解毒中心或医生/医师。
  • P312 Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. 如果你感觉不适，呼叫解毒中心或医生/医师。
  • P314 Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell. 获取医疗咨询/就医，如果你觉得不舒服
  • P320 Specific treatment is urgent (see … on this label). 紧急具体治疗（见本标签上的）。
  • P321 Specific treatment (see … on this label). 具体治疗（见本标签上的）。
  • P322 Specific measures (see …on this label). 具体治疗（见本标签上的）。
  • P330 Rinse mouth. 漱口
  • P332+P313
  • P333+P313
  • P337+P313
  • P362 Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. 脱掉污染的衣服，清洗后方可重新使用
  • P363 Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. 被污染的衣服洗净后方可重新使用。
  • P391 Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment 收集对水环境有危害的泄漏物。
  • P403+P233
  • P405 Store locked up. 上锁保管。
  • P501 Dispose of contents/container to..… 处理内容物/容器.....
Signal word Danger Warning
UN Number 1759/1760 2923 UN 2056 3/PG 2
Safety Statements
  • S23 Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapour/spray (appropriate wording to be specified by the manufacturer) 不要吸入气体/烟雾/蒸汽/喷雾；
  • S24/25 Avoid contact with skin and eyes 避免皮肤和眼睛接触；
  • S25 Avoid contact with eyes 避免眼睛接触；
  • S26 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice 眼睛接触后，立即用大量水冲洗并征求医生意见；
  • S36/37 Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves 穿戴适当的防护服和手套；
  • S36/37/39 Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection 穿戴适当的防护服、手套和眼睛/面保护；
  • S61 Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/safety data sheet 避免释放到环境中，参考特别指示/安全收据说明书；
Risk Statements
  • R20/21 Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin 吸入及与皮肤接触有害
  • R20/21/22 Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed 吸入、皮肤接触和不慎吞咽有害
  • R50 Very toxic to aquatic organisms 对水生生物极毒
Packing GroupIII
Hazard Class8/6.1
Storage condition Store at RT. 储存温度2-8℃ 密封阴凉避光保存。 密封阴凉避光保存。充氩保存 室温储存 储存温度2-8℃,避光保存。 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOS

TYPE OF TEST            : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION           : 22 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   DRFUD4 Drugs of the Future.  (J.R. Prous, S.A., Apartado de Correos 540,
   08080 Barcelona, Spain) V.1-    1975/76-  Volume(issue)/page/year:
   4,876,1979

TYPE OF TEST            : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Subcutaneous
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION           : >8650 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs).  (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo,
   Japan)  Volume(issue)/page/year: -,1226,1990

TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Human - woman
DOSE/DURATION           : 26 mg/kg/1Y-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Endocrine - evidence of thyroid hyperfunction
REFERENCE :
   PGMJAO Postgraduate Medical Journal.  (Blackwell Scientific Pub. Ltd., POB
   88, Oxford, UK) V.1-    1925-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 62,661,1986

TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Mammal - dog
DOSE/DURATION           : 800 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig,
   Ger. Dem. Rep.)  Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1289,1935

TYPE OF TEST            : LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Inhalation
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rat
DOSE/

TYPE OF

TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rat
DOSE                    : 2750 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION            : female 1-22 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight
   gain)
REFERENCE :
   JONUAI Journal of Nutrition.  (Subscription Dept., 9650 Rockville Pike,
   Bethesda, MD 20014) V.1-    1928-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 84,107,1964

TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rat
DOSE                    : 1100 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION            : female 1-22 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4
   per # born alive)
REFERENCE :
   JONUAI Journal of Nutrition.  (Subscription Dept., 9650 Rockville Pike,
   Bethesda, MD 20014) V.1-    1928-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 84,107,1964

TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rabbit
DOSE                    : 15 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION            : female 30-31 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4
   per # born alive)
   Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight
   gain)
REFERENCE :
   JONUAI Journal of Nutrition.  (Subscription Dept., 9650 Rockville Pike,
   Bethesda, MD 20014) V.1-    1928-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 87,394,1965

其他信息

  • 毒性:碘蒸气强烈刺激眼睛、皮肤和呼吸器官，长时间接触碘或吸入碘蒸气，可引起咳嗽、流鼻涕。流泪、发烧、头痛、结膜炎、腮腺肿
  • 用途一:用于配制当量溶剂、测定碘价、标定硫代硫酸钠溶液浓度，溶液可作消毒剂，照相制版中用于碘剂和减薄液配制
  • 灭火剂:水、砂土
  • 储运特性:库房通风低温干燥; 与氧化剂分开储运
  • {Chemic
  • 用途十:主要用作消毒剂。碘化物用作食物补碘剂(慎用!遵医嘱)以及用于制染料、分析试剂等。用于ICP-AES、AAS、AFS、ICP-MS、离子色谱等。滴定分析用标准溶液。
  • 参考质量标准一:参考标准 杂质最高含量/% 指标 不挥发物 1×10 -2 氯及溴(以Cl计) 3×10 -3 铁(Fe) 5×10 -4 镁(Mg) 1×10 -4 镓(Ca) 1×10 -4 铋(Bi) 1×10 -4 铝(A1) 5×10 -4 钙(Ca) 5×10 -4 钴(Co) 1×10 -4 锰(Mn) 1×10 -4 铬(Cr) 1×10 -4 锡(Sn) 1×10 -4 镍(Ni) 1×10 -4 钛(Ti) 1×10 -4 银
  • 职业标准:TWA 1 毫克/立方米; STEL 2 毫克/立方米
  • 毒性分级:低毒
  • 食品添加剂最大允许使用量最大允许残留量标准:添加剂中文名称 允许使用该种添加剂的食品中文名称 添加剂功能 最大允许使用量（g/kg） 最大允许残留量（g/kg） 碘 运动营养食品 营养强化剂 22.5－100μg
  • 蒸气密度:9 (vs air)
  • Sigma Aldrich:7553-56-2(sigmaaldrich)
  • MSDS 信息:碘(7553-56-2).msds
  • 方法二:离子交换法将海带加13～15倍量的水浸泡两遍，浸泡液含碘量达0.5～0.55 g/L。因浸泡液含有大量褐藻糖胶和其他杂质，需加碱除去，加入36%～40%液碱，经充分搅拌，使Ph为12，澄清8h以上。上部清液送至酸化槽，加入盐酸调节Ph在1.5～2，然后送入氧化罐，通氯气进行氧化使碘游离，通过717 # 离子交换树脂吸附，加入亚硫酸钠解吸，把得到含碘解吸液加入氯酸钾、硫酸后使碘析出，将粗碘加热至150℃以上，加入浓硫酸进行熔融精制，经冷却结晶、粉碎，制得碘成品。其 2I - +Cl2→12+2Cl - SO3 2- +I2+H2O→SO4 2- +2H + +2I - C1O3 - +6I - +6H^ +>;→3I2+3H2O+Cl ->; 通过离子交换柱的废碘水用以提取甘露醇。 空气吹出法将含碘制盐母液加入盐酸进行酸化，控制Ph在1～2，经预热至40℃左右，送入氧化器，同时通入适量氯气，使料液中的碘离子氧化为碘分子，将此氧化液送至吹出塔，从上部均匀淋下，从吹出塔下部通人预热至40℃的空气，将碘吹出，含碘空气进入吸收塔，由塔上部喷淋下的二氧化硫水溶液吸收，并被还原生成氢碘酸。当吸收液浓度达到含碘约150 g/L时，即送人碘析器，在不断搅动下，缓慢通入氯气，使碘游离沉淀，经过滤、加入浓硫酸熔融精制，冷却结晶、粉碎，制得碘成品。其 2I - +C12→I2+2CI - I2+SO2+2H2O→2HI+H2SO4 2HI+C12→12+2HCl
  • 类别:易燃液体
  • 防护措施:碘蒸气强烈刺激眼睛、皮肤和呼吸器官，长时间接触碘或吸入碘蒸气，可引起咳嗽、流鼻涕、流泪、发烧、头痛、结膜炎、腮腺肿大、支气管炎、鼻炎、复视、皮肤红斑，皮肤粘膜出现水泡。重者则发生呕吐、腹泻、尿中出现蛋白和血红蛋白。 碘蒸气中毒时，应立即离开现场，到室外呼吸新鲜空气，吸入5%硫代硫酸钠或2%碳酸氢钠溶液；再用2%碳酸氢钠溶液洗涤鼻、口、喉部；眼痛时，可用纯水洗涤，并滴入2～3滴盐酸可卡因。碘溅到皮肤上时，应立即用硫代硫酸钠溶液洗除；经过口腔中毒时，应迅速饮服淀粉糊、牛乳、牛奶、鸡蛋或稀硫代硫酸钠水溶液。 空气中碘的最高容许浓度为1mg/m3。 生产设备要求密闭，生产环境要通风良好。工人在工作
  • 人体必须的微量元素:碘是人体必须的微量元素之一，是维持人体正常新陈代谢所不可缺少的物质，成人体内约含有20～50mg，分布在肌肉、甲状腺、皮肤、骨骼、中枢神经系统及血浆中。碘是合成甲状腺激素的主要原料

系列性分类

  1. Chemical Synthesis 化学合成
  2. Building Blocks 合成砌块
  1. Chemical Synthesis 化学合成
  2. Synthetic Reagents 合成试剂
  3. Fluorination Reagents 含氟试剂
  1. Materials Science 材料科学
  2. Metal and Ceramic Science Products 金属和陶瓷科学
  3. Ultra-High Purity Materials - Metal and Ceramic Science
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Analytical Reagents
  3. Analytical Reagents for General Use - Analytical Reagents
  4. Puriss p.a. ACS - Analytical Reagents for General Use
  1. Research Essentials 基础科研
  2. Essential Chemicals - Research Essentials
  3. Inorganic Salts, Solutions and Reagents - Essential Chemicals
  4. ACS Grade - Inorganic Salts, Solutions and Reagents
  1. Research Essentials 基础科研
  2. Essential Chemicals - Research Essentials
  3. Inorganic Salts, Solutions and Reagents - Essential Chemicals
  4. Reagent Plus - Inorganic Salts, Solutions and Reagents
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Analytical Reagents
  3. Titration - Analytical Reagents
  4. Volumetric Solutions - Titration
  5. Halogenated Solutions - Volumetric Solutions
  1. Chemical Synthesis 化学合成
  2. Building Blocks 合成砌块
  3. Organic Building Blocks 有机砌块
  4. Halogenated Hydrocarbons 卤代烃
  1. Chemical Synthesis 化学合成
  2. Building Blocks 合成砌块
  3. Organic Building Blocks 有机砌块
  4. Halogenated Hydrocarbons 卤代烃
  1. Chemical Synthesis 化学合成
  2. Synthetic Reagents 合成试剂
  3. C-X Bond Formation (Halogen) 卤代烃
  4. Iodination - C-X Bond Formation (Halogen)
  1. Chemical Synthesis 化学合成
  2. Synthetic Reagents 合成试剂
  3. C-X Bond Formation (Halogen) 卤代烃
  4. Iodination - C-X Bond Formation (Halogen)
  1. Chemical Synthesis 化学合成
  2. Synthetic Reagents 合成试剂
  3. Inorganic Salts - Synthetic Reagents
  4. Potassium - Inorganic Salts
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Analytical Standards
  3. Alphabetic - Analytical Standards
  4. A - Alphabetic
  5. AA to AL - A
  1. Materials Science 材料科学
  2. Micro/NanoElectronics - Materials Science
  3. Electronic Chemicals - Micro/NanoElectronics
  4. Pure Elements - Electronic Chemicals
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Analytical Reagents
  3. Titration - Analytical Reagents
  4. Volumetric Solutions - Titration
  5. Salt Solutions - Volumetric Solutions
  6. G - M - Salt Solutions
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Analytical Reagents
  3. Derivatization Reagents 衍生分析试剂
  4. Derivatization Reagents TLC - Derivatization Reagents
  5. Chromogenic & Charring agents (general) - Derivatization Reagents TLC
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Analytical Reagents
  3. Titration - Analytical Reagents
  4. Volumetric Concentrates (e.g. FIXANAL®) - Titration
  5. By Reference Material - Volumetric Concentrates (e.g. FIXANAL®)
  6. Reference Material Sodium thiosulfate - By Reference Material
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Routine Reagents
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. HPLC
  3. Analytical Reagents
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Adsorbents, Filter Aids and Drying Agents
  3. Other Drying Agents
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Derivatization Reagents
  3. Derivatization Reagents TLC
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Inorganic Salts
  3. Others
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Derivatization Reagents
  3. Chiral Derivatization
  4. Chiral LC Derivatization Reagents
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Derivatization Reagents
  3. TLC Visualization Reagents (alphabetic sort)
  4. TLC Reagents, D-F
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Derivatization Reagents
  3. TLC Visualization Reagents (alphabetic sort)
  4. TLC Reagents, G-M
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Derivatization Reagents
  3. TLC Visualization Reagents (by application)
  4. Sulfur-containing compounds
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Derivatization Reagents
  3. Derivatization Reagents TLC
  4. TLC Visualization Reagents (alphabetic sort)
  5. TLC Reagents, D-F
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Derivatization Reagents
  3. Derivatization Reagents TLC
  4. TLC Visualization Reagents (alphabetic sort)
  5. TLC Reagents, G-M
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Derivatization Reagents
  3. Derivatization Reagents TLC
  4. TLC Visualization Reagents (by application)
  5. Sulfur-containing compounds
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Titration
  3. Volumetric Solutions
  4. Buffer Solutions
  5. Buffer Standard Solutions, color-coded
  1. Analytical & Chromatography 分析化学与色谱
  2. Titration
  3. Volumetric Solutions
  4. Salt Solutions
  5. A - F
  1. Research Essentials 基础科研
  2. Essential Chemicals - Research Essentials
  3. Inorganic Salts, Solutions and Reagents - Essential Chemicals
  4. Gas in Solutions 气体溶液
  1. Research Essentials 基础科研
  2. Essential Chemicals - Research Essentials
  3. Inorganic Salts, Solutions and Reagents - Essential Chemicals
  4. Gas in Solutions 气体溶液

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